Food production in hostile environments

Food Science and TechnologyVolume 36, Issue 2 p. 18-23 FeaturesFree Access production in hostile environments First published: 09 June 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/fsat.3602_4.xAboutSectionsPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text full-text accessPlease review our Terms Conditions of Use check box below share version article.I have read accept the Wiley Online Library UseShareable LinkUse link a this article with your friends colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Tom Hollands, Mark Swainson Wayne Martindale argue that food on Earth has many similarities producing Mars. They propose Universal Sustenance Cell approach tackling security challenges these environments. This conceptualises future system support life Mars equal relevance environments, such as world's megacities, Earth. Our goal is define what it takes develop sustainable under most demanding circumstances virtual-world digital twin or an eventual real-world living lab demonstrator; outcomes from both will universal applications research. The current global needs adapt innovate response climate change, depletion natural resources increasing urbanisation. Many solutions require applicable well space. Tragedy commons1 Extreme droughts, extensive wildfires, invasive species, torrential rain, perpetual water shortages groundwater are all likely result impact change. These consequences already faced by US corn belt, California Central Valley vast regions Pakistan, India, north-western China, Iran Iraq. All major world trajectory toward dystopian future. biological threats, COVID-19 virus, clear vulnerabilities be built into simulations. Without costly intervention, become increasingly eventually degrade dust bowls scrubland which not even livestock can graze. abundance sunlight billowing storms remarkably similar conditions planet Mars, although temperatures much colder.1 projects Martian could look like, but first, we very Earthbound. One Earth's New Dehli, population over 31m people2. A sprawling metropolis larger than Australia, Delhi heavily subsidised grain programme, aims ensure specific foods supplied every month eligible households3. city densely populated refrigeration estimated available for only 30% consumed per household; electricity supply intermittent high coupled relative humidity cause spoil quickly creating ongoing safety problem4. Pollutants, smog zoonoses found land, air surrounding primary stymied regional vicinity. transport routes over-crowded, dangerous fragile. Any space at premium fresh travels significant distances prior consumption, often without benefit integrated consistent cool/chill chain5. megacity their associated common. To varying degrees manifest cities across world. However, change being felt, fast forward 25 years megacities intensified. If mitigated range interventions, severe repercussions certainly felt urban populations6, 7. Due poor stewardship irresponsible resource utilisation (a ‘tragedy commons’), damage base been done8. if society governments act now swift, coordinated effective manner then impacts lessened more secured. production, storage contributor greenhouse gas emissions planet. With hamper capacity produce enough food, positive feedback loop negative kind. Therefore, evident systems need adjust now, reduce solve challenges. It Traditional approaches working; inequalities malnutrition continue sweep world9 yet 2016 third was overweight 13% were classed obese10. human species avoid half suffering some form 2030, urgent action taken improve access high-quality food11. Initiatives rethink remain drawing board due numerous socio-economic geo-political factors. Inspiration needed alongside commitment promote tangible, ambitious vision inspire Considering distribution catastrophic risk settler populations failure (food poisoning famine) may provide insight how tackle Building foundations multi-disciplinary science application outputs array interrelated technologies sustain environment. In cases technological commercial use so repurposed. great deal innovation required critically innovations challenge presented safe, manner12, 13. Solutions do always ‘high-tech’, instead they must adopt whole multi-layered fit-for-purpose. other – tolerance error tiny. include inputs, processes methodically deconstructed, analysed challenged against constraints. Then constituents re-assembled sub-systems meta-systems, specified, interconnected, monitored evolved time forming controllable, predictable ultimately reliable distribution. important recognise invents problems, same create further problems elsewhere. From perspective, benefits disbenefits expected. ‘Universal Cell’ blend highly advanced science, sustainably efficiently Although created, envisage following key aspects components multifaceted controlled environment would (Figure 1). Figure 1Open figure viewerPowerPoint Diagram (USC) Further detail USC described Biological Vertical farming literally growing industry world, maximising 3D footprint plant clean product assured via HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) methodologies. typically utilise hydroponic LED operation. Hydroponic (including aeroponic) Technologies simply means feeding plants using water/mist, i.e. draw nutrition added feed soil. characterised either run ebb flow continuous systems. efficient yields high. technology used outbreaks pests diseases minimised swiftly eliminated. energy consumption Algaeponic 10 times growth rate compared terrestrial requiring just tenth landmass equivalent biomass, algae crop source. Algae suited environments; also treat water. represent protein lipid source role diets new sources including meat cultured tissue engineering, insect recovered bacterial fungal bioreactors. Genetic modification gene editing manipulate genome organism alter characteristic. Changes yield nutritional value plant, making resistant disease, herbicides storage, enhancing its ability pharma agents, fuels, packaging more. genomes organisms altered grow involve one many. Artificial intelligence (AI) computer programmes mimic logic, ‘if then’, decision trees. Machine learning deep thinking subsets AI permit learn through data. software mobile phone scale equipment versatile required. deployments narrow bandwidth counterparts, vastly exceed speed accuracy. therefore utilised identify maintain (acting adapting) environmental (e.g. seeds, water, energy, CO2, sunlight). Benefits identification losses/waste swift progress corrective actions avoid/stop/solve/bypass conflicts, ensuring responsive optimisation throughout system. (ML) subset uses statistical techniques enable machines tasks experience. Repetitious activity placed ML processes, pick place robotics supported Deep ML, where algorithms developed allow train itself perform tasks. Examples recognition images, sounds aromas incredibly useful small visual/audio/olfactory tasks, e.g. checking disease leaves, detecting olfactory signatures bacteria yeasts, control movements fusing imaging technology. Soft mimicking gentle touch movement hands, end effector (gripper) robot arm able up objects. robots easier counterparts. Being mobile, deployed host picking fruit, harvesting lettuce sorting potatoes, break, Hygienic design cleaning pose microbiological handles. Combined robotic efficiency functionality those learnings applications, deployment beneficial. Internet things (IoT) connects physical objects ‘things’ like sensors, incorporating them network. devices assembled allows manipulation processes. IoT offer Cell. Digital twins representations products services virtual IoT, twinning easy employ. Creating simulacrums enables real monitoring process data, optimising warding off potential problems. (IoVT) connected IoVT, emerging Virtual sensors output operation aggregated calculations underlying alternatively data inputs interpreted value, calibration devices, temperature sensors. help generate insights conflicts. Automation concept, methods automation themselves becoming digital. Tasks, raising receipt orders stock management, good examples deployment. Printing reagents ‘print’ things, tools, food. ‘additive manufacturing’ removes hold stores spare parts. Instead, almost infinite made material/ reagent plastic. downtime because parts synthesised demand. 5G quantity (and sheer volume traffic) demands trade performance. 100 faster 4G, there substantial increase performance reduction latency (the delay between sending receiving information). For 200 milliseconds, (circa 250 milliseconds humans react visual stimuli). significantly lower 1 millisecond. reality augmented (AV/AR) difference VR AR overlays information (such displaying maintenance report piece machinery viewed smartphone), whereas completely immersive still interaction. AV/VR person input physically there, least drastically reduces present Renewable power obtaining renewable sources, solar, wind, non-renewable vital part Not repeating damaging choices past aspect sustainably. Blockchain decentralised, open distributed ledger records provenance datum. effectively lists (or blocks) linked hash function type immutable cryptography. open, record transactions parties, efficiently, securely verifiable permanent way. reliance ‘single truth’ offered blockchain paramount. There prospect landing century accelerate research Sensorium different monitor effects processing areas, olfactory, light, temperature, humidity, vibrations gravity Maintenance connectivity chief concerns. diverse warning deployed. recent light-emitting diode (LED) foods. Small LEDs colours spectrums), attempt light sun. emitted affects resistance, taste levels, yields. requirements type, duration distance variable optimised species. last longer powerful lights, pressure sodium bulbs. Video/imaging rapidly advancing commonplace includes facial PPE (personal protective equipment) verification operator management. Imaging wide options monitoring/inspection. equally pest infestation plants, assess clearance, ripeness, systems) applications. Ultimately interaction promotes middle functions, inspection verification. Conclusions successful requirement relevant related here, servers, materials reagents. Current capability foundation century14-16 On Earth, design, testing implementation novel sustainability benefits. practices necessary colonisation pre-requisites secure us faring no moon shot, shot rebound! Hollands1, Swainson2 Martindale2 Raynor Foods Ltd, 4 Farrow Road, Widford Industrial Estate, Chelmsford, Essex, CM1 3TH Insights Sustainability, National Centre Manufacturing, University Lincoln. Holbeach Campus, Park Holbeach, PE12 7PT email [email protected] situation individual users independently according own self-interest and, contrary common users, uncoordinated action. References 1Ma, R., Zhang, Z., Tong, K. et al. 2017. Highly electrocaloric cooling electrostatic actuation. 357: 1130- 1134 2Kourtit, K., Nijkamp, P., Suzuki, S. 2020. Are champions? double delinking analysis agglomerations. Total Environment 709: 134963 3Shaw, A. 2018. Towards India. In: Sustainable urbanization India (ed Mukherjee, J.), pp. 23- 37. Springer 4King, T., Cole, M., Farber, J.M. security: relationship megatrends developments safety. Trends Technology 68: 160- 175 5Sala, S., Anton, A., McLaren, S.J. quest reducing consumption. Journal Cleaner Production 140: 387- 398 6Child, Koskinen, O., Linnanen, L., Breyer, C. Sustainability guardrails scenario transition. Energy Reviews 91: 321- 334 7Bogdanov, D., Ram, Aghahosseini, 2021. Low-cost driver transition towards sustainability. 227: 120467 8Brouwer, I.D., McDermott, J., Ruben, R. everywhere: improving practice. Global Security 26: 100398 9 UNICEF. Nutrition Report 2020: equity malnutrition. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/resources/global-nutrition-report-2020/ World Health Organization. Obesity overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight 11White, FAO boss: malnourished 2030. https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/fao-boss-half-of-worlds-population-willbe-malnourished-by-2030/ 12Cannon, K.M., Britt, D.T. 2019. Feeding million people Space 7: 245- 254 13Nangle, S.N., Wolfson, M.Y., Hartsough, L. case biotech Nature Biotechnology 38: 401- 407 14Reddy, V.S. spacex effect. 6: 125- 134 15Pietsch, Gass, Nebuloni, Three-dimensional endothelial cells automated cell culture experiment container during SpaceX CRS-8 ISS mission SPHEROIDS project. Biomaterials 124: 126- 156 16McDowell, J.C. low earth orbit satellite Starlink constellation. Astrophysical Letters 892: 1- Volume36, Issue2June 2022Pages FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation